Resources for
studying Scripture.

From their decades of combined teaching experience, Benjamin L. Merkle and Robert L. Plummer have produced an ideal resource for novice Greek students to not only learn the language but also kindle a passion for reading the Greek New Testament. Designed for those new to Greek, Beginning with New Testament Greek is a user-friendly textbook for elementary Greek courses at the college or seminary level. Buy on Amazon.

Learning Greek is one thing. Retaining it and using it in preaching, teaching, and ministry is another. In this volume, two master teachers with nearly forty years of combined teaching experience inspire readers to learn, retain, and use Greek for ministry, setting them on a lifelong journey of reading and loving the Greek New Testament. Buy on Amazon.

From their decades of combined teaching experience, Andreas J. Köstenberger, Benjamin L. Merkle, and Robert L. Plummer have produced an ideal resource enabling students to improve their skills so they may properly read, exegete, and apply the Greek New Testament. Designed for those with a basic knowledge of Greek, Going Deeper with New Testament Greek is a user-friendly textbook for intermediate Greek courses at the college or seminary level. Buy on Amazon.

Mike Merritt has written a helpful and clear introductory NT Greek grammar (with accompanying answer key for homework exercises).  Download the PDF version along with the answer key for free or order at Rowman & Littlefield at a 30% discount using promotional code HAM30AUTH19

An academic staple updated for the first time in fifteen years, David Alan Black‘s user-friendly introduction to New Testament Greek keeps discussion of grammar as non-technical as possible. Used in Dr. Plummer’s “Learn Greek” videos. Buy on Amazon.

Many students have asked, “Why should I learn to read Greek?” The simple answer is, “To read the Bible!” To the surprise of many people, God did not reveal the New Testament in English. So, to study the New Testament in all of its richness, you must learn Greek. It is our sincere desire that you find the resources below helpful in your journey to learn Biblical Greek. Much time, effort and dedication will be necessary to successfully accomplish this goal. But, with a passion to grow closer to God through His written Word, this goal is absolutely possible. Remember, many people before you have been able to learn enough Greek to enrich their study. You can as well. These videos correspond to the content and order of D. A. Black’s Learn to Read New Testament Greek (3rd ed.). The lectures are extracted from a larger collection of videos and resources available in Dr. Plummer’s online Elementary Greek course at The Southern Baptist Theological Seminary.

In a recent Saturday feature, Dr. Plummer reviewed the new Tyndale House edition of the Greek New Testament (THGNT) – which is available in both the original and reader’s edition formats (published by Crossway). Is the THGNT more like a Pepsi cola or an Oreo cookie? Watch the video to find out what this question even means.

Learning Greek is a difficult task, and the payoff may not be readily apparent. To demonstrate the insight that knowing Greek grammar can bring, Benjamin Merkle summarizes 35 key Greek grammatical issues and their significance for interpreting the New Testament. This book is perfect for students looking to apply the Greek they have worked so hard to learn as well as for past students who wish to review their Greek. Buy on Amazon

The Handy Guide to Difficult and Irregular Greek Verbs is a learning aid especially for those transitioning from beginning courses in Greek to regular reading of the New Testament. This resource helps students learn those irregular Greek forms that are otherwise difficult to place. Buy on Amazon

A perfect supplement to any commentary this handbook series with its lexical, analytical, and syntactical analysis is a helpful tool in navigating New Testament literature. Buy on Amazon or at from Baylorpress.

Accompanying files prepared by Bob Goethe for using generative AI in Greek New Testament study.

Mark Futato has produced a grammar that, after years of testing in a number of institutions, will please many, with its concise, clear, and well-thought-out presentation of Biblical Hebrew. Because the teaching of biblical languages is in decline in many seminaries and universities, Futato takes pains to measure the amount of information presented in each chapter in a way that makes the quantity digestible, without sacrificing information that is important to retain. The book includes exercises that are drawn largely from the Hebrew Bible itself. Buy on Amazon

A tested approach to learning biblical Hebrew in an ideal package for the first-year Hebrew student. This clear, accurate, and pedagogically sound textbook emphasizes the basics: Hebrew phonology (sounds) and morphology (forms). This grammar does not use jargon or technical language, but uses terms easily understood and remembered so biblical Hebrew can be used with regularity and authority. Buy on Amazon

Invitation to Biblical Hebrew Syntax offers advanced Bible students, seminarians, and graduate students who want to learn biblical Hebrew an in-depth, carefully organized approach to language mastery. By imitating traditional Semitic models and emphasizing composition and recitation, this book harnesses the classical-language study methodology that has proven effective through the centuries. Buy on Amazon

Learning Biblical Hebrew focuses on helping students understand how the Hebrew language works and providing a solid grounding in Hebrew through extensive reading in the biblical text. Introduces advanced concepts in a form accessible to beginning students. Prepares students for translation of unedited biblical texts by the end of first semester. Emphasizes reading comprehension rather than decoding. Promotes a strong oral component to enhance language competence. Written for first-year and second-year Hebrew students, grammar is laid out to present comprehensive concepts to first-year students and then to aid in review and deeper understanding for second-year students. Buy on Amazon

Meeting the need for a textbook for classroom use after first year Hebrew grammar, Waltke and O’Connor integrate the results of modern linguistic study of Hebrew and years of experience teaching the subject in this book. In addition to functioning as a teaching grammar, this work will also be widely used for reference and self-guided instruction in Hebrew beyond the first formal year. Extensive discussion and explanation of grammatical points help to sort out points blurred in introductory books. More than 3,500 Biblical Hebrew examples illustrate the points of grammar under discussion. Buy on Amazon

Three experienced biblical language professors inspire readers to learn, retain, and use Hebrew for ministry, setting them on a lifetime journey of reading and loving the Hebrew Bible. This companion volume to the successful Greek for Life offers practical guidance, inspiration, and motivation; incorporates research-tested strategies for learning; presents methods not usually covered in other textbooks; and surveys helpful resources for recovering Hebrew after a long period of disuse. It will benefit anyone who is taking (or has taken) a year of Hebrew. Foreword by Miles van Pelt. Buy on Amazon

A helpful language reference tool for students, pastors, and scholars. The BHS Reader’s Edition is for those who have a basic understanding of Biblical Hebrew and desire to read and study the Hebrew Bible. With this book alone (and a year of Hebrew), students are able to read the Hebrew Bible in its entirety.Main features include: – Complete text of the Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia, checked against the Leningrad Codex – All words that occur fewer than 70 times are parsed and contextually defined in the apparatus – Glossary listing of all other words – Improved layout of poetic texts – All weak verb forms are parsed. Buy on Amazon

Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia (BHS) is known to be the definitive edition of the Hebrew Bible. It is widely regarded as a reliable edition of the Hebrew and Aramaic scriptures and is the most widely used original-language edition among scholars. It is a revision of the third edition of the Biblia Hebraica edited by Rudolf Kittel, the first Bible to be based on the Leningrad Codex. The Leningrad Codex is the oldest complete Hebrew Bible still preserved. It originally appeared in installments, from 1968 to 1976, with the first one-volume edition in 1977; it has since been reprinted many times. The text is a nearly exact copy of the Masoretic Text as recorded in the Leningrad Codex. The Masoretic notes are completely revised. Buy on Amazon

This new and fully revised edition of the A Biblical Hebrew Reference Grammar serves as a user-friendly and up-to-date source of information on the morphology, syntax, semantics and pragmatics of Biblical Hebrew verbs, nouns and other word classes (prepositions, conjunctions, adverbs, modal words, negatives, focus particles, discourse markers, interrogatives and interjections). It also contains one of the most elaborate treatments of Biblical Hebrew word order yet published in a grammar. Buy on Amazon

“Stands alone as the definitive reference work on Hebrew grammar.” — Ancient Hebrew Studies Center. For almost a century, Gesenius’ Hebrew Grammar has proven to be one of the most comprehensive works on Hebrew, covering all aspects of the language, including historical background, pronunciation, etymology, syntax, and sentence structure. Generally recognized as the most useful and authoritative reference grammar for Biblical Hebrew, the text includes indices of Hebrew words, subjects, and Biblical passages as well as an extremely valuable appendix listing paradigms. An indispensable resource for students and translators, Gesenius’ book remains the most usable reference grammar for classical Hebrew. Buy on Amazon

Already well known in its two-volume first edition, this is the most extensive revision yet of one of the most complete Hebrew Grammars available in English. This edition brings the work up to the present by taking account of developments in our understanding of the Hebrew language during the intervening years. The work is now presented in a paperback single volume. Professor Muraoka hopes that this helps to make the book more attractive and the content easier to use. As with the ear-lier edition students of the Old Testament, Hebrew and Semitics who have a basic knowledge of Bib-lical Hebrew will find much useful insight and information here. Buy on Amazon

A Guide to Biblical Hebrew Syntax introduces and abridges the syntactical features of the original language of the Hebrew Bible/Old Testament. An intermediate-level reference grammar for Biblical Hebrew, it assumes an understanding of elementary phonology and morphology, and it defines and illustrates the fundamental syntactical features of Biblical Hebrew that most intermediate-level readers struggle to master. The volume divides Biblical Hebrew syntax and morphology into four parts. Buy on Amazon

This standard academic lexicon for Biblical Hebrew (HALOT) also covers the Aramaic of the Old Testament. Although more expensive than classic lexicons of the past, its importance is difficult to understate.

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Also available in the original German

Noonan provides a reader-friendly orientation to the state of scholarship on the major issues of Biblical Hebrew and Biblical Aramaic grammar and syntax. He takes into account the valuable contributions of scholars who write in languages other than English. Intermediate to advanced students of Hebrew and Aramaic should consider this book required reading.

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This accessibly written, practical introduction to Old Testament textual criticism helps students understand the discipline and begin thinking through complex issues for themselves. The authors combine proven expertise in the classroom with cutting-edge work in Hebrew textual studies. This successful classic (nearly 25,000 copies sold) has been thoroughly expanded and updated to account for the many changes in the field over the past twenty years. It includes examples, an updated bibliography, and a textual commentary on the book of Ruth. Buy on Amazon

The Bible has been on a long historical journey since its original composition. Its texts have been copied and recopied. And despite the most careful and painstaking efforts of scribes and publishers down through the centuries, errors of one sort or another have crept in and have been reproduced. Sorting out the errors and determining the original wording is the task of textual criticism. In fact, the task of textual criticism is so daunting and detailed that it is divided between Old Testament textual critics and New Testament textual critics. If you are one of those interested in a general understanding of textual criticism, this book introduces you to textual criticism of the whole Bible–the Hebrew Old Testament and the Greek New Testament. Buy on Amazon

Books at a Glance “An important, up-to-date resource that will benefit everyone interested in Old Testament Textual criticism. The excellent bibliography, diagrams, and plates are unique contributions among introductory works in the field. Highly recommended.” 

Kristin De Troyer — University of St. Andrews “This finely revised and nicely updated version of one of the classics in our field can truly be called a grand introduction to the history of the biblical text.”

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Since its initial publication, Textual Criticism of the Hebrew Bible has established itself as the indispensable authoritative textbook and reference on the subject. In this thoroughly revised third edition, Emanuel Tov has incorporated the insights of the last ten years of scholarship, including new perspectives on the biblical texts among the Dead Sea Scrolls, all of which have now been published. Here are expanded discussions of the contribution of textual criticism to biblical exegesis and of the role of scribes in the transmission of the text. The introduction and references throughout the book have been thoroughly revised with the beginning student of textual criticism in mind. Buy on Amazon

The teaching videos of Daily Dose of Aramaic are keyed to this textbook, which wields a reader’s preexisting Hebrew knowledge as an ideal tool to construct a “language bridge” to Aramaic. Since it comprehensively reviews Hebrew grammar as it teaches Aramaic, this book benefits everyone in biblical language study programs and facilitates biblical interpretation through all Old Testament texts. Aramaic need no longer be an outlier field of study for specialists only!

Available in English and in Chinese

Welcome to the grammar learning sessions of Daily Dose of Aramaic. I’m Scott Callahan and I’ve written a textbook: Biblical Aramaic for Biblical Interpreters that I have specifically designed to meet the learning needs of students. I recommend using this textbook to follow along with our Aramaic grammar lessons. Biblical Aramaic for Biblical Interpreters maximizes the learning value of the Hebrew you already know (see dailydoseofhebrew.com). Hebrew and Aramaic are related languages and placing their similarities and differences side by side dramatically assists in learning Aramaic this textbook gets right to the point and it teaches how Biblical Aramaic conveys meaning through its grammar there are also exercises that challenge students to apply what they are learning at each stage of their study. Furthermore the textbook provides resources for students present and follow-on learning making it a valuable resource to keep within arm’s reach on the shelf.

As the title implies, this textbook introduces Aramaic as a language, though focus indeed remains mostly upon the Aramaic texts in the Bible. In line with its broader linguistic orientation, the book modifies some biblical texts to simplify teaching grammatical concepts and introduces students to non-vocalized Aramaic literature such as the Targums and Dead Sea Scrolls. This is both a textbook and a workbook, and an answer key to exercises appears conveniently at the end of the book.

Also in English and in Korean

Schuele’s intent in this textbook is to make the scholarship and insights of Rosenthal’s standard grammar more accessible to students. There are appendices that introduce extrabiblical Aramaic texts. Like Greenspahn’s work, this is both a textbook and a workbook, and it maintains its usefulness as a reference work after one’s first reading of the book.

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Written as a follow-on to Basics of Biblical Hebrew by Pratico and Van Pelt, this textbook mirrors the former work’s method of biblical language study. Therefore, Van Pelt treats the verbal system sequentially by stem, running through the perfect, the imperfect, the imperative, and so forth, of each stem for both strong and weak verbal roots before moving on to other stems. The book reproduces all Aramaic biblical texts, along with reading notes and a glossary. A set of video lectures is available for purchase to accompany the book.

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Now that the above elementary grammars are available for introducing Biblical Aramaic, classic works such as Johns may more appropriately shift to the “intermediate” category. Johns strikes a pleasing balance between comprehensiveness, technicality, and student-friendliness, and this book maintains its value as a reference work. An advantage to using this textbook is the availability of An Annotated Answer Key to Alger Johns’s A Short Grammar of Biblical Aramaic by James N. Jumper.

Available in English and in Korean

Developed for use in Muraoka’s itinerant teaching ministry and drawing upon philological sensitivity developed over a lengthy career of abundant contributions to Semitic studies, this handbook is especially useful when teaching an intensive course with students who are already well-trained in Biblical Hebrew. This orientation prepares students to read Biblical Aramaic texts, for which this book provides helps.

Rosenthal is the essential, standard intermediate Biblical Aramaic grammar. Its depth of technical detail makes it a valuable resource for becoming familiar with the language beyond the introductory level. However, its treatment of grammatical issues in dense paragraphs can, in practical terms, render it rather difficult to use below the level of doctoral studies.

Also available in French and Persian.

This textbook excels at drawing students into the study of Biblical Aramaic as a language of the Ancient Near East. For an illustration of grammatical points and for inductive learning through reading, Qumran and Egyptian Aramaic texts appear alongside biblical texts throughout the book. Although the back cover advertises the book for introductory-level use, its depth of detail commends it as perhaps the best intermediate-level Biblical Aramaic textbook now available.

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Written very much in the same spirit as Daily Dose of Aramaic, this book helpfully provides short Biblical Aramaic readings for every day of the year.

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This compact reader contains all Biblical Aramaic texts from Daniel, Ezra, Jeremiah, and Genesis. Below the text in the bottom margin are glosses for infrequently used words, as well as parsing of verb forms. Following the text are helpful paradigm charts for reference.

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Bauer and Leander’s reference grammar of Biblical Aramaic remains a standard reference, despite its age and concomitant use of superseded terminology.

Segert analyzes the grammar of various ancient dialects of Aramaic, including the Aramaic attested in biblical texts. Coverage of linguistic data is both broad and deep. A helpful chrestomathy and glossary appear at the end of the book.

Cook’s textual commentary is grounded in modern linguistic analysis rather than traditional philology. Aware that many readers approach the book without prior training in linguistics, Cook provides an orientation to his analytical categories and the major linguistic issues he addresses in Biblical Aramaic. This book fills a previous gap in literature; hence it has become an essential resource for interpretation of the biblical passages it treats.

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This book is indeed both a valuable reader and a handbook, in that it contains all the passages of Biblical Aramaic and supplies detailed reading notes. While there are other “readers” in existence, this one is especially helpful for its focus on grammatical analysis, in that the book provides materials such as categorized word lists that aid the reader in developing a feel for the language.

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Crowning the venerable TDOT series is this final volume on Aramaic. As a theological dictionary, it does not profile “grammar words” like prepositions, conjunctions, pronouns, and particles. However, most of the remaining vocabulary of Biblical Aramaic receives at least paragraph-length treatment. These entries place Biblical Aramaic firmly within the context of other formerly living Semitic languages of the Ancient Near East and cast further light upon semantic issues for the biblical interpreter.

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Also available in the original German

This standard academic lexicon for Biblical Hebrew (HALOT) also covers the Aramaic of the Old Testament. Although more expensive than classic lexicons of the past, its importance is difficult to understate.

Buy on Amazon

Also available in the original German

This lexicon is naturally focused exclusively upon Aramaic, unlike HALOT, and it is more affordable. The “clarification” mentioned in the subtitle has to do with the consultation of extrabiblical Aramaic literature.

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Also available in the original Latin

Noonan provides a reader-friendly orientation to the state of scholarship on the major issues of Biblical Hebrew and Biblical Aramaic grammar and syntax. He takes into account the valuable contributions of scholars who write in languages other than English. Intermediate to advanced students of Hebrew and Aramaic should consider this book required reading.

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Hans Ørberg’s Lingua Latina per se Illustrata is the world’s premiere series for learning Latin via the Natural Method. The Natural Method encourages students to learn Latin without resorting to translation, but instead by teaching them to think in the language: students first learn grammar and vocabulary inductively through extended contextual reading and an ingenious system of marginal notes. Lingua Latina per se Illustrata is also the most popular series for those teachers at both the secondary and collegiate levels who wish to develop Latin conversational skills in the classroom.

A bi-lingual Latin-English word book that features a thousand everyday words illustrated with busy scenes and labelled pictures to help children learn key Latin vocabulary.

This is the Latin text used by The Daily Dose of Latin. Based on the Old Testament edition of the Benedictines of St. Jerome’s Monastery in Rome, and the New Testament edition of Wordsworth and White. Available free at academic-bible.com and on Amazon.

This is the Latin text used by The Daily Dose of Latin. Based on the Old Testament edition of the Benedictines of St. Jerome’s Monastery in Rome, and the New Testament edition of Wordsworth and White. Available free at academic-bible.com and on Amazon.

Since its publication in 1935, the Alfred Rahlfs edition of the Septuagint has served as the foundational text for Septuagint research around the world and an indispensable tool for theological and philological studies. Robert Hanhart’s improved and updated edition―which was published in 2006 and contains the complete text of the Greek Old Testament, a text-critical apparatus, and an introduction in German, English, Latin, and modern Greek―has set new standards for the academic study of the Greek Old Testament.

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Septuaginta: A Reader’s Edition offers the complete text of the Greek Old Testament as it appears in the Rahlfs-Hanhart revised Septuaginta, laid out in a clear and readable format. All deuterocanonical books are included, as well as all double-texts, which are presented on facing pages for easy textual comparison.

In order to facilitate natural and seamless reading of the text, every word occurring 100 times or fewer in the Rahlfs-Hanhart text (excluding proper names)―as well as every word that occurs more than 100 times in the Rahlfs-Hanhart text but fewer than 30 times in the Greek New Testament―is accompanied by a footnote that provides a contextual gloss for the word and (for verbs only) full parsing. Additionally, an appendix (glossary) provides a complete alphabetized list of common vocabulary (namely, all the words that are not accompanied by a footnote), with glosses and (as applicable) comparison of a word’s usage in the Septuagint to its usage in the New Testament.

These features combine to make Septuaginta: A Reader’s Edition an indispensable resource for biblical scholars and an excellent tool for improving one’s comprehension of the Greek language. In addition to the attractive and high-quality binding, each of the two volumes include two ribbon markers.

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The Lexham English Septuagint (LES) is a new translation of the Septuagint, the Greek version of the Old Testament writings used during New Testament times and in the early church. Beautifully typeset in a comfortable, single-column format, the LES provides a literal, readable, and transparent English edition of the Septuagint for modern readers. Retaining the familiar forms of personal names and places, the LES gives readers the ability to read it alongside their favored English Bible. Translated directly from Swete’s edition of the Septuagint, the LES maintains the meaning of the original text, making the Septuagint accessible to readers today.

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Vol 1: Vol 2:

Scholars and laypeople alike have stumbled over Bible footnotes about the Septuagint, the Greek translation of the Old Testament. Many wonder, What is it? Why do some verses differ from the Hebrew text? Is it important to Scripture?

In this introduction to the Septuagint, Gregory R. Lanier and William A. Ross clarify its origin, transmission, and language. By studying its significance for both the Old and New Testaments, believers can understand the Septuagint’s place in Judeo-Christian history as well as in the church today.

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This comprehensive yet user-friendly primer to the Septuagint (LXX) acquaints readers with the Greek versions of the Old Testament. It is accessible to students, assuming no prior knowledge about the Septuagint, yet is also informative for seasoned scholars. The authors, both prominent Septuagint scholars, explore the history of the LXX, the various versions of it available, and its importance for biblical studies. This new edition has been substantially revised, expanded, and updated to reflect major advances in Septuagint studies. Appendixes offer helpful reference resources for further study.

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Many Christians have argued that God provided the Septuagint as the church’s Old Testament. But what about all the differences between the Septuagint and the Hebrew Bible? And what about the extra books of the Septuagint, the so-called Apocrypha or deuterocanonical literature?

Written with students in mind, Translation of the Seventy explores each of these issues, with a particular focus on the role of the Septuagint in early Christianity. This fresh analysis of the New Testament’s use of the Septuagint and the complex reception of this translation in the first four centuries of Christian history will lead scholars, students, and general readers to a renewed appreciation for this first biblical translation.

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Numerous scholars have explored what the Septuagint is and its history and uses, but less scholarship has engaged with the ways it exercises authority within the Christian tradition. In the first multicontributor volume of its kind, biblical scholars Greg Lanier and Will Ross bring together experts from a variety of disciplines to explore the nature of the Septuagint’s authority over the ages.

Discover fresh insights from experts across disciplines―including Old Testament, New Testament, patristics, systematic theology, historical theology, and more―into whether and how the Septuagint holds authority for today’s church. With clarity and depth, this helpful addition to Septuagint studies will expand the conversation of how Christians should understand the Septuagint both in the academy and in the church. This book seeks:

• To explore the “authority” question from multiple perspectives.
• To examine how the early church, Reformers, and systematic (Protestant and Catholic) theologians view the Septuagint.
• To disentangle the NT’s frequent use of the Septuagint from its perceived status as authoritative or “canonical”.

Whether you’re a scholar, theologian, pastor, or seminary student, The Authority of the Septuagint is an invitation to engage with the Septuagint, its history, and its significance for the church today.

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This book-by-book vocabulary guide provides an unparalleled resource for anyone interested in more effective reading and study of the Old Testament in Greek, commonly called the Septuagint. Aside from two full-scale specialist lexicons for the Septuagint, no other printed resource exists that provides concise and strategic guidance to the language of this important ancient corpus. With word lists organized by frequency of appearance in a given book or section of the Septuagint, this guide allows users to focus their study efforts and thus more efficiently improve their breadth of knowledge of Koine vocabulary. Furthermore, the vocabulary incorporated into the lists in this guide integrates lower-frequency New Testament vocabulary in a manner that enables the user to easily include or exclude such words from their study. Other key features of this vocabulary guide include carefully crafted lists that allow users to refresh higher-frequency New Testament vocabulary, to strategically study higher-frequency vocabulary that appears across the Septuagint corpus, and to familiarize themselves with the most common proper nouns in the Septuagint. Moreover, each chapter in this guide has been statistically tailored to provide the word lists necessary to familiarize the user with 90 percent of the full range of vocabulary in each book or section of the Septuagint.

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(Scanned facsimile; the high-res images hosted by the British Library are still unavailable due to a 2023 cyberattack)

Chester Beatty Kӧln Madrid Montserrat

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